![]() food and fuel) a family received was a function of family size. The social dilemma is a village commons called the bytvång, where food and fuel was produced collectively and the amount of commons resources (e.g. In the current research, we study self-control and cooperation of a population in a social dilemma: 18 th century Swedes in their native land. One of the reasons for these calls is the limitation of generalizability: laboratory subjects are typically volunteers who do not represent the general population and the stakes involved in laboratory commons resource dilemmas are small compared to stakes in the real-world problems they are used to model. For decades, however, social dilemma researchers have issued calls for field studies to examine the relationship between self-control and cooperation. ![]() Of course, the control of the behavioral laboratory provides researchers of social dilemmas excellent opportunity to test competing theories with voluminous amounts of insight about self-control and cooperation. And, the few field studies we do have make it challenging to test competing theories because of the data constraints necessary. While the social dilemma paradigm is a popular lens for modeling many real-world commons resource problems about self-control and cooperation, Kerr observes that there are few real-world studies of such. To avoid the commons’ collapse, individuals must practice self-control–voluntarily or coercively. In a commons resource dilemma, individuals are tempted to consume or use a shared resource for personal gain in the short run but in doing so place greater stress on a shared scarce resource in the long run. It is the ubiquitous commons resource dilemma that is the focus of the current research. ![]() The social dilemma paradigm is used to model the tension between self-control and cooperation in public goods dilemmas, volunteer dilemmas, anti-commons resource dilemmas, give-and-take-some dilemmas, and commons resource dilemmas. A literature bridging these fields on self-control and cooperation is the social dilemma paradigm. anthropology, management, psychology, economics, sociology, political science, and human ecology. It is therefore expected that self-control is the topic of conversation among scholars across a breadth of fields that study cooperation e.g. The practice of self-control is central for the continual functioning of communities, organizations, and society. Rather, human population growth may be an individual dilemma–suggesting that members of simple-structured organizations can unilaterally exercise self-control and manage resources through self-organizing. Our findings are consistent with the idea that human population growth is not a social dilemma called a collective trap–which has been the assumption for 50 years. Post hoc analyses support the idea that the reason behind declining fertility after a famine was human decision rather than human physiology. We find evidence that the peasantry–with little education, archaic agricultural practices, strong barriers to abortion and infanticide, and pressures by the Church and State to procreate–were less likely to marry and birth children (in or outside of wedlock) when the quality of the previous year’s harvest was poor compared to when it was bounteous. Using autoregressive time-series modeling, we test whether the people of Sweden continued to take steps toward increasing the stress on the commons by marrying and birthing children or practiced self-control. During this period, crop failures left the population facing starvation. The amount of resources a village family received was a function of their size. From 1750 to 1800, eighty percent of Sweden lived in a simple-structure organization called a bytvång or village commons. We study the practice of self-control in an organizational social dilemma when the stakes are large, using 47 years of vital census data from 18 th century Sweden.
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